Keeb Kwm ntawm Tsev Dawb ntawm Asmeskas (2): Kev Tawm Tsam thiab Kev Tsim Kho - Los ntawm Kev Tawm Tsam Tea Party mus rau Philadelphia Convention, 1763–1789
[Cov Lus Cim Tseem Ceeb] Tshooj Ob ntawm GSM's "A White House History of America" series: 1763–1789 — kev sib cav txog se tau dhau los ua kev ua tsov rog rau kev ywj pheej li cas, thiab lub tebchaws tshiab tau muab txoj cai lij choj rau nws tus kheej li cas.
[Cov hnub tseem ceeb]
1765 — Parliament tau tshaj tawm Txoj Cai Stamp Act; "tsis pub them se yam tsis muaj neeg sawv cev"
1773 — Pawg Neeg Ua Yeeb Yam Boston Tea Party
1776 — Daim Ntawv Tshaj Tawm Kev Ywj Pheej tau txais yuav
1781 — Cov tub rog Asmeskas thiab Fabkis yeej ntawm Yorktown
1783 — Daim Ntawv Cog Lus ntawm Paris; Tebchaws Askiv lees paub kev ywj pheej ntawm Asmeskas
1787 — Daim Ntawv Cog Lus Philadelphia tau sau Txoj Cai Tswjfwm Tebchaws Meskas
1791 — Daim Ntawv Cai Lij Choj pib siv
1. Kev Sib Cav Txog Se
Tom qab xyoo 1763, tebchaws Askiv tau them se rau cov tebchaws nyob sib ze kom them nws cov nuj nqis ua tsov rog. Txoj Cai Stamp Act xyoo 1765, uas yog thawj txoj cai them se ncaj qha rau cov tebchaws nyob sib ze, tau ua rau muaj kev quaj qw tias "tsis txhob them se yam tsis muaj tus sawv cev."
Cov se tau raug tshem tawm, tab sis Txoj Cai Declaratory Act tau lees paub txoj cai ntawm Parliament los tsim cai rau cov tebchaws nyob sib ze; cov luag haujlwm Townshend xyoo 1767 tau coj kev tawm tsam. Xyoo 1770, cov tub rog Askiv hauv Boston tau tua ib pawg neeg coob coob, tua tsib tus neeg.
Xyoo 1773 Txoj Cai Tea tau nyeem ua kev pab rau East India Company thiab kev lees paub dua txog lub hwj chim ntawm Parliament hauv kev them se. Lub Kaum Ob Hlis ntawd, cov tswv cuab ntawm Sons of Liberty tau nce nkoj hauv Boston Harbor thiab pov tseg 342 lub thawv tshuaj yej rau hauv dej.
Parliament tau teb nrog Txoj Cai Coercive Acts xyoo 1774, kaw Boston lub chaw nres nkoj thiab txwv tsis pub Massachusetts tswj hwm tus kheej. Cov kev tsis txaus siab tau tawg ua kev tawm tsam sib koom siab.
2. Daim Ntawv Tshaj Tawm Txog Kev Ywj Pheej
Xyoo 1774, kaum ob lub tebchaws tau xa cov neeg sawv cev mus rau First Continental Congress hauv Philadelphia kom tawm tsam cov khoom lag luam Askiv thiab thov tus vajntxwv. Tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lexington thiab Concord hauv xyoo 1775, Second Continental Congress tau los ua tsoomfwv hauv kev xyaum.
Nws tau tsa George Washington ntawm Virginia los ua tus thawj coj ntawm Continental Army. Ib kauj ruam zuj zus, cov tebchaws tau hloov pauv ntawm kev thov txoj cai mus rau kev thov kev ywj pheej.
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 4, 1776, Congress tau txais yuav Daim Ntawv Tshaj Tawm Txog Kev Ywj Pheej, uas Thomas Jefferson tau sau thiab kho dua nrog John Adams thiab Benjamin Franklin thiab lwm tus.
Nws tshaj tawm txoj cai tsis muaj peev xwm hloov pauv tau rau lub neej, kev ywj pheej thiab kev nrhiav kev zoo siab. Cov neeg kos npe paub tias yog tias Kev Tawm Tsam tsis ua tiav, lawv cov ntawv kos npe txhais tau tias yuav raug tua rau kev ntxeev siab.
3. Kev Ua Rog Rau Kev Ywj Pheej
Thaum pib, cov tub rog Continental tau swb tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua rau cov tub rog Askiv uas tau kawm zoo dua thiab muaj khoom siv zoo dua. Thaum hmo Christmas xyoo 1776, Washington tau hla tus dej Delaware uas muaj dej khov thiab ntaus Trenton, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj dua.
Lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1777-78 ntawm Valley Forge yog qhov qis tshaj plaws: kab mob, kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab txias tau tua ntau tus tub rog, thaum tus tub ceev xwm Prussian Baron von Steuben tau cob qhia cov neeg dim kom ua ib pab tub rog uas muaj kev qhuab ntuas.
Kev yeej ntawm Saratoga xyoo 1777 yog qhov tig rov qab. Fabkis tau koom tes nrog Tebchaws Meskas, xa nyiaj, khoom siv thiab tub rog dej hiav txwv.
Xyoo 1781, cov tub rog Asmeskas thiab Fabkis tau ntes cov tub rog Askiv ntawm Yorktown, Virginia, thiab Cornwallis tau tso tseg. Daim Ntawv Cog Lus Paris (1783) tau txais kev lees paub ntawm Askiv txog kev ywj pheej, nrog thaj chaw ncav cuag Mississippi.
4. Los ntawm Kev Koom Tes Mus Rau Txoj Cai Lij Choj
Lub hauv paus tseem fwv thawj zaug, Cov Cai ntawm Kev Koom Tes, ua rau tsoomfwv hauv nruab nrab tsis muaj zog: tsis muaj hwj chim los them se, tswj kev lag luam ntawm cov xeev, lossis los ua raws li nws cov cai.
Thaum cov neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv Massachusetts uas tshuav nuj nqis tau tawm tsam hauv Shays' Rebellion (1786–87), tsoomfwv tsis tuaj yeem teb. Tus nqi ntawm kev tsis muaj zog yog qhov pom tseeb rau txhua tus.
Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1787, cov neeg sawv cev los ntawm kaum ob lub xeev tau ntsib hauv Philadelphia los kho cov Cai - thiab hloov chaw tau sau Txoj Cai Lij Choj tshiab: lub kaw lus tsoomfwv ntawm peb ceg, sib cais thiab kuaj xyuas ib leeg.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov xeev loj thiab me tau daws los ntawm ob lub tsev tsim cai lij choj: Lub Tsev faib los ntawm cov pej xeem thiab Senate nrog ob lub rooj zaum hauv ib lub xeev. Kev pom zoo tau tawm tsam hnyav, nrog Hamilton, Madison thiab Jay sib cav txog rooj plaub hauv The Federalist Papers.
Txhawm rau teb kev ntshai tias kev ywj pheej ntawm tus kheej tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv, kaum qhov kev hloov kho thawj zaug - Bill of Rights - tau ntxiv rau xyoo 1791, sau txog kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hais lus, kev ntseeg thiab kev tshaj xov xwm, thiab txoj cai tuav riam phom. Lub cev pob txha ntawm lub koom pheej tau nyob hauv qhov chaw.
(Tshooj tom ntej: 1789–1840s, Ib lub koom pheej nthuav dav.)
Qhov chaw: GSM · Tebchaws Meskas (Qhov kev tshaj tawm lus Askiv · Qhov kev tshaj tawm lus Suav qub)
Duab: 图：约翰·特朗布尔油画《独立宣言》（1819年），描绘起草委员会向大陆会议提交《独立宣言》草案的场景。图片来源：Wikimedia Commons（公共领域）。Painting: John Trumbull, Declaration of Independence (1819), showing the drafting committee presenting the Declaration to the Continental Congress. Source: Wikimedia Commons (public domain).
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