Keeb Kwm ntawm Tsev Dawb ntawm Asmeskas (5): Kev Tsov Rog Hauv Tebchaws thiab Kev Tsim Kho Dua Tshiab - Los ntawm Fort Sumter mus rau Peb Qhov Kev Hloov Kho, 1861–1877
[Cov Lus Cim Tseem Ceeb] Tshooj Tsib ntawm GSM's "A White House History of America" series: 1861–1877 — kev ua tsov rog hauv tebchaws plaub xyoos tua kwv yees li 750,000 tus neeg; nws xaus rau kev ywj pheej, thiab peb qhov kev hloov kho txoj cai lij choj sau kev ywj pheej thiab kev ua pej xeem rau hauv txoj cai tseem ceeb ntawm lub tebchaws.
[Cov hnub tseem ceeb]
1861 — Fort Sumter; Tsov Rog Pej Xeem pib
1863 — Daim Ntawv Tshaj Tawm Txog Kev Ywj Pheej pib siv; Gettysburg
1865 — Lee tso tseg; Lincoln raug tua; Txoj Cai Hloov Kho Kaum Peb tshem tawm kev ua qhev
1868 — Txoj Cai Hloov Kho Kaum Plaub: txoj cai ua pej xeem yug los thiab kev tiv thaiv sib luag
1870 — Txoj Cai Hloov Kho Kaum Tsib txwv tsis pub muaj kev txwv txog haiv neeg rau kev xaiv tsa
1877 — Kev tsim kho dua tshiab xaus
1. Lub Koom Haum Tawg, Kev Ua Rog Pib
Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 12, 1861, cov phom Confederate tau tua rau ntawm lub chaw tub rog hauv Sumter, South Carolina, thiab Kev Ua Rog Pej Xeem tau pib. Xya lub xeev twb tau tawm mus lawm; plaub lub xeev ntxiv tau ua raws, thaum plaub lub xeev qhev tseem nyob nrog Lub Koom Haum.
Ob tog xav tias yuav muaj kev ua tsov rog luv luv. Kev swb ntawm Lub Koom Haum ntawm First Bull Run thaum Lub Xya Hli 1861 tau xaus qhov kev xav ntawd.
Nws yog thawj zaug kev ua tsov rog kev lag luam - kev tsheb ciav hlau, telegraph, ironclads thiab riam phom rifled ua ke - thiab kev tua neeg tau dhau txhua qhov kev cia siab.
2. Daim Ntawv Tshaj Tawm Txog Kev Ywj Pheej
Lub hom phiaj ntawm Lincoln yeej ib txwm yog los cawm lub Union; thaum txog xyoo thib ob ntawm kev ua tsov rog, nws xaus lus tias kev ywj pheej yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua tub rog thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Tom qab Antietam thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1862, nws tau tshaj tawm ua ntej.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1, 1863, Daim Ntawv Tshaj Tawm Txog Kev Ywj Pheej tau pib siv, tshaj tawm kev ywj pheej rau cov neeg ua qhev hauv cov xeev tawm tsam - yuav luag plaub lab tus neeg nyob hauv qhov seem. Muaj li ntawm 179,000 tus txiv neej dub tau ua haujlwm hauv Union xiav; tsis muaj txoj kev rov qab rau kev ua qhev.
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1863 peb hnub ntawm Gettysburg tau tig rov qab Lee txoj kev tawm tsam sab qaum teb, thiab Vicksburg txoj kev poob tau muab tag nrho Mississippi rau Union.
3. Kev Yeej ntawm Union thiab Lincoln txoj Kev Tuag
Xyoo 1864 Grant tau rhuav tshem Lee hauv kev ua tsov rog uas ua rau Sherman poob hwj chim thaum nws tab tom txeeb Atlanta thiab mus rau hiav txwv. Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 9, 1865, Lee tau tso siab rau Grant ntawm Appomattox Court House; kev ua tsov rog tau xaus lawm.
Tsib hnub tom qab, thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 14, 1865, Lincoln raug tua ntawm Ford's Theatre hauv Washington. Tus Lwm Thawj Coj Andrew Johnson tau hloov nws, thiab Kev Tsim Kho Dua Tshiab tau poob rau cov neeg tseem muaj sia nyob thaum lub teb chaws quaj ntsuag.
Kev ua tsov rog tau tua ntawm 620,000 thiab 750,000 tus tub rog - ntau dua li txhua lwm yam kev ua tsov rog hauv Asmeskas ua ke. Nws teb ob lo lus nug qhib: Union tsis tuaj yeem faib tau, thiab kev ua qhev tau xaus.
4. Kev Tsim Kho Dua Tshiab: Kev Ywj Pheej Sau Rau Hauv Txoj Cai Lij Choj
Xyoo 1865, Txoj Cai Hloov Kho Kaum Peb tau tshem tawm kev ua qhev thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Txoj Cai Lij Choj Txog Kev Cai Lij Choj Xyoo 1866 thiab Lub Chaw Haujlwm Freedmen tau coj cov tsev kawm ntawv, kev pab txog kev cai lij choj thiab kev txhawb nqa rau plaub lab tus neeg tshiab uas tau txais kev ywj pheej.
Txoj Cai Hloov Kho Kaum Plaub (1868) tau ua rau txhua tus neeg yug los yog tau txais kev cai lij choj hauv Tebchaws Meskas yog cov pej xeem, txwv tsis pub cov xeev txwv tsis pub lawv txoj cai lossis tsis lees txais kev tiv thaiv sib npaug ntawm cov cai. Txoj Cai Hloov Kho Kaum Tsib (1870) txwv tsis pub tsis lees txais kev pov npav vim yog haiv neeg lossis xim rau cov pej xeem txiv neej.
Thaum Lub Caij Tsim Kho Dua Tshiab, muaj li ntawm 2,000 tus neeg Asmeskas Dub tau tuav haujlwm rau pej xeem, suav nrog kaum rau tus tswv cuab ntawm Congress, thiab cov xeev yav qab teb tau tsim lawv thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem. Kev tawm tsam yog kev ua phem: Ku Klux Klan tau ua rau cov neeg xaiv tsa dub ntshai.
Xyoo 1877 cov tub rog hauv tsoomfwv tau thim rov qab los ntawm Sab Qab Teb thiab Kev Tsim Kho Dua Tshiab tau xaus. Yuav luag ib puas xyoo, cov cai lij choj "Jim Crow" tau tso cai rau kev sib cais - cov lus cog tseg sau rau hauv Txoj Cai Lij Choj hauv tshooj no yuav raug thov, kab lus los ntawm kab lus, tsuas yog hauv xyoo pua tom ntej.
(Tshooj tom ntej: 1870s–1920, Hlau, Cov Neeg Tsiv Teb Tsaws Chaw thiab Cov Neeg Hloov Kho Dua Tshiab.)
Qhov chaw: GSM · Tebchaws Meskas (Qhov kev tshaj tawm lus Askiv · Qhov kev tshaj tawm lus Suav qub)
Duab: 图：亚伯拉罕·林肯总统肖像，亚历山大·加德纳1863年11月8日摄于华盛顿——在葛底斯堡演说前10天。图片来源：史密森美国艺术博物馆／美国国家肖像馆，Wikimedia Commons（公共领域）。Abraham Lincoln, photographed by Alexander Gardner in Washington on November 8, 1863 — ten days before the Gettysburg Address. Source: Smithsonian American Art Museum / National Portrait Gallery, via Wikimedia Commons (public domain).
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